The Koutla is a political coalition between three Moroccan parties: the centre-right Istiqlal Party (PI), the centre-left Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), and the left-wing Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS). The alliance was initially formed on 26 May 1970 between the Istiqlal Party and the National Union of Popular Forces as a front to oppose constitutional changes enacted prior to the 1970 Moroccan general election. The alliance was then re-formed in 1998 with its current members, all of whom were in the legislative opposition prior to the installation of the first government of...